Cosecha de humedad atmosférica: Nuevos materiales y tecnologías bioinspirados para mitigar la escasez de agua
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Abstract
La cosecha de agua es un proceso importante para enfrentar la escasez de agua potable en diversas partes del mundo. Problemática que comienza a ser un tema preocupante para la humanidad, debido a la continua contaminación de las fuentes de agua dulce disponibles, así como las causas impredecibles que pueden conllevar los cambios climáticos globales. Esta alternativa implica recolectar y almacenar agua de diferentes fuentes para su uso posterior, lo que puede ser especialmente útil en áreas con acceso limitado al recurso como países con climas áridos y bajos niveles pluviométricos. En años recientes, tecnologías emergentes inspiradas por la naturaleza, se centran en la captación de agua desde la atmósfera, donde la humedad relativa es baja (10-30) %. Para ello se ha generado un profundo estudio de los factores fisicoquímicos y microestructurales que facilitan la captación por parte de algunos sistemas. Esto ha impulsado la innovación de nuevos sistemas sintéticos y su aplicación tecnológica, en particular en arreglos estructurales que han sido perfeccionados evolutivamente por plantas y animales para sobrevivir bajo condiciones climáticas adversas. Es así como, la naturaleza hidrofóbica e hidrofílica que exhiben los sistemas naturales son claves en el diseño de nuevos materiales que permiten mejorar la eficacia de captación de agua. Este aprendizaje puede ser aprovechado por los países del trópico que cuentan con climas cálidos y atmósferas con valores de humedad relativa altas (50-90) %. Tecnologías que pueden ser empleadas para dar acceso a agua potable en zonas remotas y generar autonomía para la irrigación de cultivos.
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