Indicadores para la evaluación fitoextractora de cadmio de plantas asociadas a bosque húmedo tropical
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El propósito del estado del arte es identificar los indicadores frecuentemente empleados para evaluar el potencial fitoextractor de una especie vegetal, así como reconocer las metodologías e instrumentos comúnmente usados para estimarlos; además, es suministrada una lista de plantas registradas dentro de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela que podrían poseer potencial para la remediación de suelos contaminados de cadmio. Los indicadores que suelen usarse para ponderar el potencial fitoextractor de una planta son los factores de transferencia, de bioacumulación y de bioconcentración; se resalta la practicidad del “número de cosechas necesarias” y del “índice de tolerencia”. Tres ensayos experimentales deben emprenderse antes de afirmar que una planta puede usarse para fitoextracción, es decir, pruebas en “solución nutritiva contaminada”, en “suelo artificialmente contaminado” y en “suelo naturalmente contaminado”. Para el diagnóstico de cadmio en suelos y tejidos vegetales, los equipos corrientemente utilizados son la espectrometría de emisión atómica con plasma acoplado inductivamente y la de absorción atómica. Finalmente, las plantas que podrían tener potencial para fines de fitoextracción de cadmio edáfico fueron identificadas.
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